Check out my blog post on the Olympics!  ​  As you watch the Summer Games, make sure you keep an eye out for references to ancient history.

The present tense is the first of six tenses that we learned this year.  

How to Form the Present Tense

• Use this worksheet to review the formation rules and to practice translating present tense sentences from Latin to English and English to Latin.
• Watch this video to review how to form the present tense of Latin verbs.

Don't forget!
There are three ways to translate the present tense:  Marcus agricolam spectat.

1. Marcus watches the farmer.
2. Marcus is watching the farmer
3. Marcus does watch the farmer.

Verbs are the most important parts are sentences because they tell us everything we need to know about the sentence, including:

• the subject of the sentence (person and number)
• the voice of the sentence (active or passive)
• the time of the sentence (tense)

When we first learned Latin verbs, we learned the personal endings of verbs.  These are very important and they must be memorized.  Once you know the personal endings, you can pretty much translate any verb you need.

We have active and passive personal endings for Latin verbs.  Today, we'll focus on the active personal endings.  

Active Personal Endings
Person and Number      Latin Ending       Translation
1st singular                                 -o/-m                         I
2nd singular                               -s                                 you
3rd singular                               -t                                  he/she/it
1st plural                                     -mus                          we
2nd plural                                   -tis                              you (all)
3rd plural                                    -nt                               they

We will see these personal endings on most active verbs, including special verbs like sum.  Therefore, it is very important that you memorize the endings in Latin and what they mean in English.  If you know these endings and what they mean, then you can tell who/what the subject is.

e.g., navigamus = we sail
e.g., porto = I carry
e.g., spectant = they watch



If you want more review on this, use these resources:

• our favorite video on Latin verb endings... amo, amas, amat, amamus, amatis, amant!
• a Latin to English practice worksheet with answer key 
• an English to Latin practice worksheet with answer key
• a review on first conjugation verbs

A preposition is a word that controls a noun and usually expresses a relationship between direction, location, or time.  We learned a lot of prepositions this year!  Let's review how they work.

Rules for Prepositions:

• A preposition controls the case of a noun.  This noun is called the object of the preposition.
• This is the order of translation:  preposition + noun (object of preposition)
• Some prepositions take the accusative case; some prepositions take the ablative case.
  • If the preposition takes the accusative case, the object of the preposition will be accusative.
  • If the preposition takes the ablative case, the object of the preposition will be ablative.
• The case of the object of the preposition depends on the preposition.  
• The object of the preposition always comes AFTER the preposition.

Exempla:

• The farmer is in the town.   Agricola est in oppido.
  • in is the preposition, and it takes the ablative case
    
  • oppido is the object of the preposition; it is ablative because in takes the ablative
    
• The sailor sails around the island.  Nauta navigat circum insulam.
  • circum is the preposition, and it takes the accusative case
  • insulam is the object of the preposition; it is accusative because circum takes the accusative case
    

More Review:

• Not one, but TWO quizlets on prepositions! 
  • One quizlet with prepositions and cases on the front, definitions on the back
  • Another quizlet with prepositions only on the front, cases and definitions on the bck
• A review worksheet; this has a chart of the prepositions we have learned with some exercises (answer key attached).

Overview of Latin Noun Declensions

• When we decline a Latin noun, we are changing its ending to show a noun's function in a sentence.  
• A declension is a group of nouns that declines the same way (they have the same case endings).
• So far, we have learned the first, second, and third declensions.
• You can tell a noun's declension by looking at the genitive singular ending.  
• When you look up a noun in the dictionary, this is what it looks like:

                                      puella,           puellae,                    f.,                girl
                            nom. sing.            gen. sing.          gender         definition

How to Decline a Latin Noun:

1. Fill in the given nominative and genitive forms 
2. Get the stem of the noun (go to the genitive singular and chop off the genitive ending)
3. Add the rest of the endings to your stem.

Here is some additional review material for you:

• A list of all the declension endings we've learned so far (we didn't learn 3rd neuter yet, we'll do that in September).
• A worksheet to review noun declensions and forms.  
  
• A video on the first declension (with a review of how to decline Aeneas' name)
• A video on the second declension masculine
• A video on the second declension neuter
• A video on the third declension

Salvete, discipuli!  Hello, students!  Check back here every week for some review on what we have learned so far this year.  Check back every Tuesday and Thursday for review materials.   These exercises are completely optional, but I recommend you brush up on some topics before school starts again.  This website will also be running throughout the school year if you want to review then, too.